{"id":3821,"date":"2014-02-06T01:16:52","date_gmt":"2014-02-06T01:16:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/polemicky-andalusky-zakon-o-socialni-funkci-bydleni\/"},"modified":"2014-02-06T01:16:52","modified_gmt":"2014-02-06T01:16:52","slug":"polemicky-andalusky-zakon-o-socialni-funkci-bydleni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/polemicky-andalusky-zakon-o-socialni-funkci-bydleni\/","title":{"rendered":"Polemick\u00fd andalusk\u00fd z\u00e1kon o soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci bydlen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"LuchaV\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti jsme op\u011bt sv\u011bdky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho st\u0159etu mezi m\u00edstn\u00ed andaluskou vl\u00e1dou (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, soci\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e1, levicov\u011b orientovan\u00e1) a centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blskou (lidovci s\u00a0pravicovou orientac\u00ed). D\u016fvodem je schv\u00e1len\u00ed \u0159ady pr\u00e1vn\u00edch \u00faprav, je\u017e v\u00a0t\u00e9to autonomii kladou d\u016fraz na soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci, kterou by bydlen\u00ed m\u011blo m\u00edt a odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed se v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159edpisech umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch Junt\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad pokutovat majitele pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdch nemovitost\u00ed<\/strong> nebo pronaj\u00edmatele, kte\u0159\u00ed nemovitosti neudr\u017euj\u00ed v optim\u00e1ln\u00edm stavu obyvatelnosti. Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed registru neob\u00fdvan\u00fdch nemovitost\u00ed, mo\u017enost z\u00edskat ur\u010dit\u00e9 informace od dodavatel\u016f energi\u00ed a slu\u017eeb<\/strong> nebo tak\u00e9 do\u010dasn\u011b bank\u00e1m vyvlastnit pr\u00e1vo u\u017eit\u00ed<\/strong> t\u011bch nemovitost\u00ed, jejich\u017e majitel\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt po exekuci hypot\u00e9ky vyst\u011bhov\u00e1ni a existuje u nich riziko soci\u00e1ln\u00edho vylou\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e1 je chronologie tohoto st\u0159etu?\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/h4>\n

V\u00a0dubnu lo\u0148sk\u00e9ho roku schv\u00e1lila m\u00edstn\u00ed andalusk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da dekret o soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci bydlen\u00ed, jeho\u017e uveden\u00ed do\u00a0praxe v\u0161ak bylo pozastaveno pot\u00e9, co jej centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da napadla u \u00dastavn\u00edho soudu. Junta de Andaluc\u00eda \u0161la tedy jinou cestou a to schv\u00e1len\u00edm z\u00e1kona o opat\u0159en\u00edch k\u00a0zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkce bydlen\u00ed ze dne 1. \u0159\u00edjna 2013. Tento ru\u0161il p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed dekret, ov\u0161em obsahoval tot\u00e9\u017e v\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed form\u011b.\u00a0 Reakce vl\u00e1dy na sebe nenechala dlouho \u010dekat. Dne 18. prosince byla p\u0159edlo\u017eena dal\u0161\u00ed st\u00ed\u017enost na proti\u00fastavnost. Ta byla soudem p\u0159ijata k\u00a0posouzen\u00ed dne 14. ledna 2014 a tud\u00ed\u017e v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nkem 161.2 \u00dastavy byla platnost z\u00e1kona<\/strong> pozastavena<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Co m\u00e1 za c\u00edl tento andalusk\u00fd z\u00e1kon, v\u016f\u010di n\u011bmu\u017e se ohrazuje centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da?<\/h4>\n

P\u0159i p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00ed c\u00edle se z\u00e1kon odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 na Deklaraci lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed Smlouvu o ekonomick\u00fdch, soci\u00e1ln\u00edch a kulturn\u00edch pr\u00e1vech a \u0161pan\u011blskou \u00dastavu, kde je jist\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem obsa\u017eeno pr\u00e1vo ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotlivce na adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed a slu\u0161n\u00e9 bydlen\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Junta ve sv\u00e9 argumentaci pokra\u010duje ve smyslu, \u017ee toto pr\u00e1vo na adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed a slu\u0161n\u00e9 bydlen\u00ed by nem\u011blo b\u00fdt omezov\u00e1no pr\u00e1vem jednotlivce na soukrom\u00fd majetek<\/strong>, je\u017e je dle samotn\u00e9 \u00dastavy podm\u00edn\u011bno onou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkc\u00ed \u201etud\u00ed\u017e antisoci\u00e1ln\u00ed u\u017eit\u00ed by nem\u011blo b\u00fdt chr\u00e1n\u011bno \u00dastavou\u201c<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Junta tedy pova\u017euje nevyu\u017eit\u00ed bytov\u00fdch jednotek k\u00a0ob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed za \u201eantisoci\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n

Pod \u010d\u00edslem II. zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 argumentace je m\u00edstn\u00ed vl\u00e1da pon\u011bkud konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e tvrd\u00ed: \u201eSpeci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdtku mezi v\u0161emi t\u011bmi zp\u016fsoby neu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bytov\u00fdch jednotek si zaslou\u017e\u00ed ta skupina nemovitost\u00ed, je\u017e jsou v\u00a0majetku pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob<\/strong>, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00edch instituc\u00ed a jejich realitn\u00edch pobo\u010dek, spole\u010dnost\u00ed spravuj\u00edc\u00edch aktiva, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z\u00a0restrukturalizace bank a realitn\u00edch spole\u010dnost\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eitost je zde umocn\u011bna tak\u00e9 objemem.\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n

A d\u00e1le: \u201eNotori\u010dnost u\u017eit\u00ed bytov\u00fdch jednotek coby p\u0159edm\u011btu investice up\u0159ednost\u0148ovan\u00e9 u pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob coby protip\u00f3l pro fyzick\u00e9 osoby p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho u\u017eit\u00ed pr\u00e1va na bydlen\u00ed zd\u016fvod\u0148uje mimo jin\u00e9 (ekonomick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fvody) diferencia\u010dn\u00ed element, jen\u017e kvalifikuje selh\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob s\u00a0povinnost\u00ed d\u00e1t bytov\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m jejich odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed u\u017eit\u00ed, tj.\u00a0bydlen\u00ed.\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n

Toto v\u0161e je d\u00e1no do souvislosti s\u00a0odhadovan\u00fdm obrovsk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm neobydlen\u00fdch nemovitost\u00ed v\u00a0Andalusii a tak\u00e9 s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee jde o jednu z\u00a0autonomi\u00ed s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem exekuc\u00ed vyklizen\u00edm a s\u00a0velmi n\u00edzk\u00fdm procentem pronajat\u00fdch nemovitost\u00ed v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s okoln\u00edmi zem\u011bmi.<\/p>\n

\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 Junta na tento probl\u00e9m nach\u00e1z\u00ed, spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b syst\u00e9mu s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, inspekce a kontroly t\u011bch nepronajat\u00fdch bytov\u00fdch jednotek, je\u017e jsou v\u00a0majetku pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob, s\u00a0c\u00edlem jejich majitel\u016fm ukl\u00e1dat pokuty do v\u00fd\u0161e 9.000 Eur za ka\u017edou pr\u00e1zdnou nemovitost.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje do\u010dasn\u00e9 vyvlastn\u011bn\u00ed pr\u00e1va u\u017eit\u00ed, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b do obdob\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed let, t\u011bch bytov\u00fdch jednotek, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt vyst\u011bhov\u00e1ny hypote\u010dn\u00ed exekuc\u00ed tak, aby takto posti\u017een\u00e9 rodiny v\u00a0nich d\u00e1l mohly bydlet za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee budou spln\u011bny ur\u010dit\u00e9 podm\u00ednky: \u017ee jde o jejich trval\u00e9 bydli\u0161t\u011b, \u017ee nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee nemaj\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem, \u017ee existuje riziko soci\u00e1ln\u00edho vylou\u010den\u00ed, atd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky z\u00e1kona byly soudn\u011b napadnuty?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/h4>\n

A)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku 1 z\u00e1kona 4\/2013 z\u00a01. \u0159\u00edjna je odkazov\u00e1no na nov\u00e9 vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f z\u00e1kona 1\/2010 z\u00a08. b\u0159ezna:<\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek 1.3 <\/b>(odkaz<\/a><\/strong>)<\/p>\n

Uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee \u00fa\u010del u\u017eit\u00ed bytov\u00e9 jednotky k\u00a0bydlen\u00ed, je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edho obsahu pr\u00e1va na vlastnictv\u00ed<\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek 53.1.a) <\/b>(odkaz<\/a><\/strong>)<\/p>\n

Za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee majitelem bytov\u00e9 jednotky je pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 osoba, klasifikuje coby velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd p\u0159estupek skute\u010dnost, \u017ee tato nen\u00ed obydlena za podm\u00ednek ur\u010den\u00fdch v\u00a0\u010cl\u00e1nku 25.<\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek 25 <\/b>(odkaz<\/a><\/strong>)<\/p>\n

Definuje neobydlen\u00e9 bytov\u00e9 jednotky<\/strong> jako ty, kter\u00e9 jsou fyzicky i pr\u00e1vn\u011b k\u00a0dispozici a nejsou ob\u00fdv\u00e1ny v\u00edce ne\u017e \u0161est m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f v\u00a0roce<\/strong> od chv\u00edle, kdy mohly b\u00fdt obydleny (nov\u00e1 v\u00fdstavba) nebo od jejich posledn\u00edho u\u017eit\u00ed. Je p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1no, \u017ee nejsou obydleny, pokud nemaj\u00ed uzav\u0159eny smlouvy o dod\u00e1vce vody a elektrick\u00e9 energie nebo je spot\u0159eba nulov\u00e1 \u010di velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1.<\/strong> Toto se net\u00fdk\u00e1 bytov\u00fdch jednotek s\u00a0turistick\u00fdm u\u017eit\u00edm, t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed fyzick\u00fdm osob\u00e1m pro jejich osobn\u00ed u\u017eit\u00ed a t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 jsou pronaj\u00edm\u00e1ny sez\u00f3nn\u011b nebo s\u00a0c\u00edlem ur\u010dit\u00e9 aktivity (pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9, komer\u010dn\u00ed, profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed, vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed, apod. ). Sankce se net\u00fdkaj\u00ed neobydlen\u00fdch bytov\u00fdch jednotek v\u00a0majetku fyzick\u00fdch osob<\/span>.<\/p>\n

B)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prvn\u00ed dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed dispozice<\/strong> Z\u00e1kona 4\/2013 z\u00a01. \u0159\u00edjna (odkaz<\/a><\/strong>)<\/p>\n

Umo\u017e\u0148uje Junt\u011b na obdob\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u011b t\u0159\u00ed let vyvlastn\u011bn\u00ed pr\u00e1va na u\u017eit\u00ed nemovitosti, je\u017e je p\u0159edm\u011btem procesu hypote\u010dn\u00ed exekuce v\u016f\u010di dlu\u017en\u00edk\u016fm nebo ru\u010ditel\u016fm bez ekonomick\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f, bez jin\u00e9 nemovitosti a v\u00a0riziku soci\u00e1ln\u00edho vylou\u010den\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee tento proces byl iniciov\u00e1n finan\u010dn\u00ed instituc\u00ed, jej\u00ed realitn\u00ed pobo\u010dkou \u010di spole\u010dnost\u00ed spravuj\u00edc\u00ed aktiva.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdch zp\u016fsobem argumentuje centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da v\u00a0odvol\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/h4>\n

Vl\u00e1da p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 st\u00ed\u017enost na proti\u00fastavnost \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed dispozice d\u0159\u00edve zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f:<\/p>\n

1.- Vl\u00e1da m\u00e1 za to, \u017ee v\u0161echna napaden\u00e1 ustanoven\u00ed poru\u0161uj\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek 149.1.13 \u00dastavy, jeliko\u017e maj\u00ed vliv na v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomick\u00fdch aktivit<\/strong>. Opat\u0159en\u00ed, p\u0159ijat\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto andalusk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, ohro\u017euj\u00ed dle vl\u00e1dy restrukturalizaci finan\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu a stabilitu bank, p\u0159eru\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvod financ\u00ed a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0tomto odv\u011btv\u00ed nestabilitu, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt vliv na ekonomick\u00fd r\u016fst a ukazatele.<\/p>\n

2.- \u010cl\u00e1nek 1.3 je nav\u00edc dle vl\u00e1dy proti\u00fastavn\u00ed, proto\u017ee definuje \u201ez\u00e1kladn\u00ed obsah\u201c pr\u00e1va na soukrom\u00fd majetek, co\u017e nen\u00ed v\u00a0jeho kompetenci<\/strong>, jeliko\u017e pr\u00e1v\u011b onen z\u00e1kladn\u00ed obsah tvo\u0159\u00ed hranici, ji\u017e z\u00e1konod\u00e1rce nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ekro\u010dit odvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc se na soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci. Takov\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed obsah vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00a0\u00dastavy a z\u00a0\u00dastavn\u00edho soudu coby jej\u00edho tlumo\u010dn\u00edka. Junta nem\u016f\u017ee definovat z\u00e1kladn\u00ed obsah pr\u00e1va na soukrom\u00fd majetek na z\u00e1klad\u011b sektorov\u00fdch kompetenc\u00ed ve v\u011bcech bydlen\u00ed a urbanismu. Naru\u0161ovalo by to regulaci z\u00e1kladn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, je\u017e garantuj\u00ed rovnost v\u0161ech \u0160pan\u011bl\u016f p\u0159ed z\u00e1konem.<\/p>\n

3.- V\u00a0odvol\u00e1n\u00ed je tak\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1no za proti\u00fastavn\u00ed definovat \u201eco by m\u011blo b\u00fdt ch\u00e1p\u00e1no pod pojmem neobydlen\u00e1 bytov\u00e1 jednotka<\/strong>\u201c, jeliko\u017e \u201eje zde vytv\u00e1\u0159en syst\u00e9m pr\u00e1vn\u00edch presumpc\u00ed a indici\u00ed s\u00a0d\u016fkazn\u00ed hodnotou, je\u017e jdou proti principu presumpce neviny\u201c, je\u017e je obsa\u017eena v\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku 25 \u00dastavy.<\/p>\n

4.- Na druhou stranu tak\u00e9 bere v\u00a0potaz to, \u017ee nen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee existovaly takov\u00e9 okolnosti a alespo\u0148 minim\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 nab\u00eddky k\u00a0tomu, aby majitel neobydlenou nemovitost pronajmout mohl, a ze z\u00e1kona je sankcionov\u00e1n za pr\u00e1zdnou nemovitost.<\/strong><\/p>\n

5.- Pova\u017euje tak\u00e9 za diskriminuj\u00edc\u00ed skute\u010dnost, \u017ee vyvlastn\u011bn\u00ed pr\u00e1va na u\u017eit\u00ed bytov\u00e9 jednotky p\u0159i exekuci vyst\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00edm se t\u00fdk\u00e1 pouze n\u011bkter\u00fdch majitel\u016f<\/strong>, \u010d\u00edm\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0poru\u0161en\u00ed principu rovnopr\u00e1vnosti.<\/p>\n

\u00davahy ohledn\u011b obou pozic<\/h4>\n

Je evidentn\u00ed, \u017ee zde nejde \u010dist\u011b o pr\u00e1vn\u00ed t\u00e9matiku, ani o prost\u00fd st\u0159et dvou odli\u0161n\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch viz\u00ed. Je nutno p\u0159idat dal\u0161\u00ed faktory, je\u017e jsou bl\u00ed\u017e politick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, mo\u017en\u00e9ho volebn\u00edho z\u00faro\u010den\u00ed \u010di medi\u00e1ln\u00edho obrazu protivn\u00edka<\/strong>. Junta n\u00e1m vykresluje obraz zp\u00e1te\u010dnick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch finan\u010dn\u00edch instituc\u00ed a ekonomick\u00fdch sil, imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di bolesti rodin s\u00a0omezen\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky. Na druhou stranu vl\u00e1da n\u00e1m p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 obraz Junty coby revolucion\u00e1\u0159e, v\u00a0zajet\u00ed politick\u00fdch pakt\u016f s\u00a0komunisty, cht\u00edc potopit mo\u017enou ekonomickou rekuperaci t\u011bmito podvratn\u00fdmi kroky, jen\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fato\u010d\u00ed na pr\u00e1vo na soukrom\u00fd majetek. Kdy\u017e opust\u00edme politick\u00e9 kolbi\u0161t\u011b, realita je evidentn\u011b n\u011bkde jinde. Poj\u010fme ale po \u010d\u00e1stech: Nez\u00e1visle na tom, co sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu zv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed a rozhodne \u00dastavn\u00ed soud, Junta je ji\u017e te\u010f v\u00edt\u011bzem medi\u00e1ln\u00ed a n\u00e1zorov\u00e9 bitvy ohledn\u011b prvn\u00ed dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed dispozice z\u00e1kona a mo\u017enosti do\u010dasn\u011b vyvlastnit (pr\u00e1vo u\u017eit\u00ed, ne majetek jako takov\u00fd) bytov\u00fdch jednotek, je\u017e maj\u00ed b\u00fdt vyst\u011bhov\u00e1ny hypote\u010dn\u00ed exekuc\u00ed<\/strong>. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u0161ichni m\u00e1me tendenci se stav\u011bt na obranu slab\u0161\u00edho a nav\u00edc mnoz\u00ed vin\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed instituce z\u00a0velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sv\u011btov\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 krize. V\u00a0tomto ohledu nen\u00ed p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm, \u017ee banky mnoho spojenc\u016f nenajdou. V\u00a0odvol\u00e1n\u00ed obsa\u017een\u00e9 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy ve smyslu, \u017ee vyhnut\u00ed se exekuc\u00edm vyst\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00edm (v souladu s\u00a0podm\u00ednkami andalusk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona) na obdob\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 3 let, m\u016f\u017ee zaminovat ekonomick\u00fd r\u016fst, p\u0159eru\u0161it finan\u010dn\u00ed toky, apod. vypad\u00e1 dost p\u0159emr\u0161t\u011bn\u011b. Tak\u00e9 s\u00a0ohledem na to, \u017ee podobn\u00e1 norma ji\u017e plat\u00ed v\u00a0Katal\u00e1nsku a k\u00a0zhroucen\u00ed syst\u00e9mu nedo\u0161lo.<\/p>\n

Naproti tomu a v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nkem 1 a nov\u00fdm vypracov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f z\u00e1kona 1\/2010 z\u00a08. b\u0159ezna jsou nutn\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u00favahy. Prvn\u00ed je, \u017ee pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed a medi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed tohoto konfliktu bylo toto p\u0159esunuto do druh\u00e9 roviny (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neexistuj\u00edc\u00ed). Junta, a\u0165 u\u017e v\u011bdom\u011b \u010di nikoliv, velmi zdatn\u011b um\u00edstila do centra pozornosti ideu do\u010dasn\u00e9ho vyvlastn\u011bn\u00ed bank\u00e1m, je\u017e jsou v\u00a0epicentru ka\u017edodenn\u00ed diskuse, jeliko\u017e zde je snaz\u0161\u00ed z\u00edskat podporu ob\u010dan\u016f na podporu znev\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0souboji s\u00a0ekonomickou moc\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u011bnou centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dou<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky maj\u00ed ov\u0161em celou \u0159adu \u0161ed\u00fdch z\u00f3n, je\u017e jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed hladce zapadnou, a nad nimi\u017e se bu\u010f andalusk\u00fd z\u00e1konod\u00e1rce nepozastavil \u00fapln\u011b tak, jak by m\u011bl, nebo p\u0159\u00edmo pr\u00e1vn\u011b upravuje soukrom\u00e9 vlastnictv\u00ed z\u00a0pozice nech\u00e1paj\u00edc\u00ed jeho podstatu.<\/p>\n

Ji\u017e v\u00a0p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f existuj\u00ed jist\u00e1 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed, je\u017e ukazuj\u00ed na p\u0159edpojatost a zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed ve vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkladu pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob, je\u017e dle v\u0161eho z\u00e1konod\u00e1rci maj\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edkladem je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee dle nich si zaslou\u017e\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed odsouzen\u00ed neobsazenost bytov\u00fdch jednotek v\u00a0majetku pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob, kter\u00e9 je u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pouze coby investice na rozd\u00edl od fyzick\u00fdch osob, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sv\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va k\u00a0bydlen\u00ed. Je to tak? Skute\u010dn\u011b v\u0161echny bytov\u00e9 jednotky v\u00a0majetku pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob pat\u0159\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edm instituc\u00edm a jejich realitn\u00edm pobo\u010dk\u00e1m, spole\u010dnostem na spr\u00e1vu aktiv a realitn\u00edm spole\u010dnostem? A naopak, jsou v\u0161echny bytov\u00e9 jednotky v\u00a0majetku fyzick\u00fdch osob obydleny sv\u00fdmi majiteli?<\/p>\n

Evidentn\u011b NE. Nez\u00e1visle na tom, \u017ee nen\u00ed nic perverzn\u00edho na tom, \u017ee banky vyu\u017eij\u00ed sv\u00e9ho z\u00e1stavn\u00edho pr\u00e1va \u010di realitn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti toho sv\u00e9ho na prost\u00e9 vlastnictv\u00ed nemovitost\u00ed. Existuje tak\u00e9 spousta fyzick\u00fdch osob, kter\u00e9 sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu uskute\u010dnily koupi nemovitosti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 osoby v\u00a0jejich vlastnictv\u00ed. Zp\u016fsob absolutn\u011b leg\u00e1ln\u00ed, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt sv\u00e9 opodstatn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0nespo\u010dtu d\u016fvod\u016f, a\u0165 ji\u017e da\u0148ov\u00fdch, ekonomick\u00fdch \u010di pr\u00e1vn\u00edch. Existuje tak\u00e9 \u0159ada fyzick\u00fdch osob, majitel\u016f v\u00edcero nemovitost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ov\u0161em k\u00a0bydlen\u00ed neu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mimo ob\u010dan\u016f \u0160pan\u011blska, kte\u0159\u00ed sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu mohli zakoupit nemovitost prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jejich vlastn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, si Junta dle v\u0161eho nen\u00ed v\u016fbec v\u011bdoma toho, \u017ee existuje velk\u00fd po\u010det majitel\u016f nemovitost\u00ed, je\u017e \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 nejsou. V\u00a0zem\u00edch p\u016fvodu t\u011bchto vlastn\u00edk\u016f je koup\u011b nemovitosti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 osoby (a\u0165 ji\u017e bez jin\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 aktivity nad r\u00e1mec samotn\u00e9ho vlastnictv\u00ed, \u010di nikoliv) velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou prax\u00ed a to z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f tradice, fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed efektivity \u010di z\u00a0d\u016fvodu pru\u017enosti v\u00a0p\u0159evodech rodinn\u00fdch majetk\u016f, apod. Tyto osoby, je\u017e uskute\u010dnily koupi prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti nebo spole\u010dnosti ze zem\u011b sv\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, se ve sv\u00e9 absolutn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b ni\u010d\u00edm neli\u0161\u00ed od t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed nemovitost koupili osobn\u011b, tj. u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nemovitost pro sebe, svou rekreaci a odpo\u010dinek, a to r\u016fzn\u011b \u010dasto. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 tedy Junta, \u017ee pouze t\u00edm, \u017ee ke koupi nemovitosti do\u0161lo prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obchodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti (co\u017e je tot\u00e1ln\u011b a absolutn\u011b leg\u00e1ln\u00ed), doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0poru\u0161en\u00ed on\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkce, je\u017e je po\u017eadov\u00e1na? Jsou tito majitel\u00e9 nemovitost\u00ed povinni dodr\u017eovat \u0161estim\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed obsazenost v\u00a0roce s\u00a0rizikem sankce, pokud tomu tak nen\u00ed? Je Junta toho n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee fyzick\u00e9 osoby, je\u017e nemovitost koup\u00ed do osobn\u00edho vlastnictv\u00ed, do nich neinvestuj\u00ed, ale pouze v\u00a0nich bydl\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pokud m\u011bla Junta de Andaluc\u00eda v\u00a0\u00famyslu obsah z\u00e1kona delimitovat pouze a jenom na bytov\u00e9 jednotky ve vlastnictv\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch instituc\u00ed a jejich realitn\u00edch pobo\u010dek, spole\u010dnost\u00ed spravuj\u00edc\u00edch aktiva a realitn\u00edch spole\u010dnosti, s\u00a0od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edm v\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed takto dr\u017een\u00fdch nemovitost\u00ed, je\u017e dle statistik zej\u00ed pr\u00e1zdnotou, nechala si proklouznout mezi prsty vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost. Bohu\u017eel tak, jak je z\u00e1kon stav\u011bn k\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni, h\u00e1\u017ee do jednoho pytle v\u0161echny pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 osoby bez rozli\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1m za to, \u017ee Junta nec\u00edl\u00ed na ty, kte\u0159\u00ed koup\u00ed nemovitost prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obchodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti a u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ji stejn\u011b, jako by to ud\u011blal kdokoli, kdo ji koup\u00ed na fyzickou osobu, ale p\u0159esto z\u00e1kon \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed ned\u011bl\u00e1, tud\u00ed\u017e jde o pouh\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed syst\u00e9mu kontrol, p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed od ob\u010dan\u016f, dodavatel\u016f energi\u00ed, m\u00edstn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f a finan\u010dn\u00edch instituc\u00ed, t\u011bch, kdo spravuj\u00ed aktiva, \u010di realitn\u00edch kancel\u00e1\u0159\u00ed o u\u017eit\u00ed nemovitost\u00ed v\u00a0majetku jednotlivc\u016f se zd\u00e1 p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 a svou podstatou bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed policejn\u00edmu st\u00e1tu ne\u017e spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 snahu chr\u00e1nit osobn\u00ed \u00fadaje sv\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti tedy a to a\u017e do chv\u00edle, kdy bude zn\u00e1mo rozhodnut\u00ed \u00dastavn\u00edho soudu, bychom toto t\u00e9ma nem\u011bli opomenout p\u0159i poradenstv\u00ed klient\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed v\u00a0\u00famyslu v\u00a0Andalusii koupit nemovitost prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obchodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Tato cesta se v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b stala vcelku b\u011b\u017enou, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Zru\u0161en\u00ed 3% zdan\u011bn\u00ed a tud\u00ed\u017e povinnost ro\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed rezidence jak obchodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, tak i jejich akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f (mimo spole\u010dnosti se s\u00eddlem v\u00a0tzv. da\u0148ov\u00fdch r\u00e1j\u00edch)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n
    • Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee u\u017eit\u00ed bytov\u00e9 jednotky zakoupen\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obchodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti jej\u00edmi akcion\u00e1\u0159i a jednateli ji\u017e nen\u00ed dan\u011bno coby prosp\u011bch v\u00a0natur\u00e1li\u00edch v\u00a0zem\u00edch jako Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch jsou tyto n\u00e1klady p\u0159ijateln\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \n
      • Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee da\u0148ov\u00e9 v\u00fdhody u koup\u011b nemovitosti jist\u00e9 hodnoty prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ciz\u00ed obchodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti mohou b\u00fdt velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pokud vezmeme v\u00a0potaz, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od fyzick\u00fdch osob tyto spole\u010dnosti neplat\u00ed ve \u0160pan\u011blsku ro\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmovou da\u0148 z\u00a0nemovitosti ( Impuesto sobre la Renta y el Patrimonio). T\u00e9ma \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 d\u011bdick\u00e9 dan\u011b je tak\u00e9 hodno zv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed. Ov\u0161em pro svou komplexnost jej podrob\u00edme anal\u00fdze n\u011bkdy p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Luis M. Vicente Burgos
        \nVICENTE & OTAOLAURRUCHI ABOGADOS<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti jsme op\u011bt sv\u011bdky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho st\u0159etu mezi m\u00edstn\u00ed andaluskou vl\u00e1dou (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, soci\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e1, levicov\u011b orientovan\u00e1) a centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blskou (lidovci s\u00a0pravicovou orientac\u00ed). D\u016fvodem je schv\u00e1len\u00ed \u0159ady pr\u00e1vn\u00edch \u00faprav, je\u017e v\u00a0t\u00e9to autonomii kladou d\u016fraz na soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci, kterou by bydlen\u00ed m\u011blo m\u00edt a odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed se v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159edpisech umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch Junt\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad pokutovat majitele pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdch nemovitost\u00ed nebo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4178,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[110,89,91,85,87],"class_list":["post-3821","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-nemovitosti","tag-neobydlene-bytove-jednotky","tag-obchodni-spolecnosti","tag-soukromy-majetek","tag-stiznost-na-protiustavnost"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3821","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3821"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3821\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4178"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3821"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3821"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.volawyers.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}